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Tikkun olam
''Tikkun olam'' () (''literally'', "repair of the world", ''alternatively'',"construction for eternity") is a concept in Judaism, originating in the early rabbinic period, given alternative meanings in medieval kabbalistic literature, and given new meanings in modern movements of Judaism.〔David Shatz, Chaim Isaac Waxman, Nathan J. Diament ''Tikkun olam: social responsibility in Jewish thought and law'' 1997 "The papers collected here address the issue of tikkun olam, the thesis that Jews bear responsibility not only for their own moral, spiritual, and material welfare, but also for the welfare of society at large."〕
==In the Mishnah==
The expression ''tikkun olam'' is used in the Mishnah in the phrase ''mip'nei tikkun ha-olam'' ("for the sake of ''tikkun'' of the world") to indicate that a practice should be followed not because it is required by Biblical law, but because it helps avoid social disharmony.〔Sacks, Jonathan. ("Tikkun Olam: Orthodoxy’s Responsibility to Perfect G-d’s World" ), Orthodox Union West Coast Convention, December 1997.〕 One example is in Gittin 4:2.
At first a person used to convene a Court in another place and cancel it. Rabban Gamliel the Elder enacted in the public interest (''mip'nei tikkun ha-olam'') that they should not do so. At first a person used to change his name and her name, the name of his city and the name of her city, and Rabban Gamliel the Elder enacted in the public interest (''mip'nei tikkun ha-olam'') that he should write, "The man so-and-so and every name that he has," "The woman so-and-so and every name that she has."〔Gittin 4:2, in (English translation ), and in the (original Aramaic ). Note: The parenthetical phrase does not appear in the translation, but has been inserted here to illustrate the use of the phrase ''tikkun olam''.〕
While the exact wordings of this text may be misleading, the rabbis made this rule because they were concerned that a woman might receive a ''get'' (divorce document) and think she was divorced when in fact she was not (because the man had voided the divorce in a court in a different town). She might then remarry in good faith not knowing that she was not yet a free woman. (In Jewish tradition there are severe consequences if a married woman engages in sexual relations outside of her marriage. For more information, see: ''mamzerim''.) Therefore, ''mip'nei tikkun olam - ''for the sake of the ''tikkun'' of the world - this law was changed to prevent such confusion.
As an explanation of rabbinic laws, the phrase ''mip'nei tikkun ha-olam'' is also invoked for laws about the collection of the ''ketubah'' money for a widow (Gittin 4:3), the limit on payments to redeem captives (Gittin 4:6), purchasing religious articles from non-Jews (Gittin 4:6), divorce threatened by vows (Gittin 4:7), and the bringing of first fruits for land purchased from non-Jews (Gittin 4:9). Several additional uses are found in Gittin 5:3. In most of these cases the phrase is used in the sense of bettering the community.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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